retina is composed of multiple layers of thin, transparent neuronal tissue constructing the inner lining of the globe.

Diabetic retinopathy

this is one of the leading causes of blindness in the developed world. All patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus are at risk of losing vision and therefore they must undergo a complete ophthalmological examination annually. In some patients with diabetic retinopathy the retinal blood vessels become leaky while in others new pathological blood vessels grow on the surface of the retinal and the cavity inside to globe. In moderate to advance stages of the disease, treatment with intraocular injections, laser, and surgery becomes necessary.

Age related macular degeneration

this condition is the leading cause of blindness in older individuals worldwide. The changes occur as a result of age related damage to the macula which is responsible for a proper central vision; therefore, patients suffer from inability to perform fine visual tasks such as reading and driving. As the name implies the disease is more common in older individuals (above 65 years old). The picture on the right demonstrates how a person with age related macular degeneration sees the world; note that the central part of the vision is extremely blurry.